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• New research suggests a common vaginal infection may actually be a sexually transmitted infection.
• Researchers say bacterial vaginosis (BV) also occurs in males despite being often viewed as a condition affecting only females.
• Treatments for BV, which has a high recurrence rate, should include treating the other sexual partner.
• The study found that treating both partners for the infection significantly lowered the recurrence rate.

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common vaginal infection affecting nearly 1 in 3 females globally with strong recurrence rates.

While the emphasis on treatment has focused on females, a new study suggests that sexual partners should also be treated for the condition that researchers say fits the profile of a sexually transmitted infection (STI).

BV infection may develop following exposure to a new sexual partner without a condom or other barrier method. Reinfection or recurrence following treatment is associated with exposure to a regular sexual partner.

During sexual intercourse, bacterial vaginosis-associated organisms are exchanged between partners, the researchers found.

When female and male sexual partners were treated for BV, recurrence rates were lower. Females received first-line antimicrobial agents, and males were administered combined oral and topical antimicrobial therapy. Researchers say this combination therapy contributed to the lower BV recurrence rates in females within 12 weeks.

These findings suggest that including male partners in treatment for BV could improve treatment success and potentially lead to a cure. The study was published on March 5 in The New England Journal of Medicine.

“Clinicians and researchers with similar views have undertaken partner treatment trials in the past, but none failed to reduce recurrence or improve BV cure for women,” said study co-author Catriona Bradshaw, PhD, of the Melbourne School of Population and Global Health at the University of Melbourne, Australia.

“This was in part due to trial limitations, but we also believe this may be because they all used oral antibiotics for men only,” Bradshaw told Healthline.

Treating male partners reduced BV recurrence

Although BV is both treatable and curable, around 50% of females experience recurrence within six months after antibiotic treatment, which may raise the risk of obstetric complications down the road.

When there is a regular sexual partner, the risk of BV recurrence increases three-fold.

Experts haven’t considered BV an STI because the bacteria typically originates from within versus sexual transmission. However, as the new study points out, this isn’t always true.

Prior research has shown that men carry bacterial species linked to BV in the urethra and penis.

To show that BV fits the profile of an STI, researchers collected a body of evidence that Bradshaw described as a journey 20 years in the making.

The randomized controlled trial involved 164 heterosexual monogamous couples in which the female had bacterial vaginosis. 

The partner-treatment group involved 81 couples. Female partners received first-line antimicrobial treatment, and male partners received combined oral and topical antimicrobial therapy (metronidazole 400-milligram tablets and 2% clindamycin cream applied to penile skin) twice daily for 7 days. 

“We believed it was important to try and target the bacteria on the penile skin with a topical antibiotic cream as well as inside the urethra with an oral antibiotic,” Bradshaw explained. “This had never been done before.”

The control group had 83 couples, in which females received the same standard of care and males received no treatment. The primary outcome was BV recurrence within 12 weeks. 

The trial was stopped at the 12-week follow-up mark because the female-only treatment was inferior to treating both partners.

In the both-partner treatment group, BV recurrence occurred in 35% of females compared to a 63% recurrence rate among females in the control group. 

Adverse events in male partners receiving treatment were mild and included: 

• nausea
• headache
• metallic taste

“We are relieved that this treatment strategy has been so effective,” Bradshaw said. 

“It enables us to understand that reinfection of women with BV bacteria from men is responsible for a large proportion of BV recurrence in women. The treatment is easy and well tolerated and only needs to be taken for a week.”

Improving bacterial vaginosis testing and treatment

Bradshaw noted that more studies in diverse populations and settings are needed to confirm the findings.

For instance, Bradshaw would like to further investigate what may be causing BV treatment failures and driving high recurrence rates. 

She’s also curious why BV persisted among a smaller group of females who still had the infection after finishing their antibiotics even though they had not resumed sex, she explained.

Still, these findings could eventually pave the way for improved BV treatments involving both partners.

“Our program of research is focused on analyzing the samples from couples to understand if there are specific BV bacteria in men that are causing BV recurrence in women, which would help us develop better tests for BV, including something that has not been done before — a test for men,” Bradshaw said.

“We do hope that this trial helps clinicians individualize BV treatment for their patients. This trial is relevant to women in a current monogamous relationship with a male, but for women without a current partner, messaging needs to be more around treating them and understanding that condoms provide some protection against catching BV as they do for many STIs.”

To help increase awareness about treating BV as an STI, the researchers produced a website with resources for healthcare professionals, patients, and their male partners.

What to know about bacterial vaginosis

​​Bacterial vaginosis (BV) develops when there is a disruption to the balance of bacteria in the vagina, which leads to an overgrowth of certain bacteria. 

BV causes uncomfortable symptoms such as:

• Unusual vaginal discharge that may appear thin, gray, white, or green
• Fishy odor that may intensify after sexual intercourse
• Vaginal itching or irritation
• Burning sensation while urinating

Some individuals with BV may not experience any symptoms, which means regular gynecological visits are important for detection.

How is BV treated?

First-line treatments for bacterial vaginosis usually include antibiotics that can be taken orally, or that may come in the form of a vaginal gel or suppository. These include:

• Antibiotics (oral or vaginal) 
• Vaginal pessaries (inserts)
• Medicated vaginal gels

Managing recurrent BV

When BV persists after first-line treatments, other approaches may include:

• Longer course of antibiotics
• Preventive habits (i.e., avoiding scented menstrual products, changing out of tight or sweaty clothes, and wearing breathable cotton underwear)
• Changes to sexual habits (i.e., limiting sexual partners and using latex condoms or other barrier methods during sexual intercourse)

When to seek medical care

Contact a healthcare professional if you experience:

• Unusual vaginal discharge with odor
• Persistent vaginal irritation or discomfort
• Symptoms that return after first-line treatment
• Concerns about infection

Takeaway

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is not classified as a sexually transmitted infection, but the results of a new study could change that.

Evidence shows that BV occurs in males, and researchers at the University of Melbourne say that treating both partners could help lower high infection recurrence rates in females.

More studies in larger, diverse groups are needed to confirm these findings and better understand why some people with BV continue to resist treatment.

• New research suggests that common ADHD medications are linked to small increases in measures of cardiovascular health like blood pressure and pulse.
• Researchers and experts say the benefits of ADHD medications outweigh the potential risks, and monitoring patients can help minimize risks.
• Researchers and clinicians await more rigorous data on the long-term effects of ADHD medications on heart health.

New research suggests the small cardiovascular risks associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medications like methylphenidate, bupropion, and lisdexamfetamine do not outweigh their mental health benefits.

The study, published on April 6 in The Lancet Psychiatry and written by an international group of researchers, analyzed 102 random control trials involving 13,315 youth and 9,387 adults.

The findings show relatively small increases in pulse, blood pressure, and electrocardiogram (ECG) readings in those taking ADHD stimulants. Increases were also observed in those taking noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors, a type of antidepressant. A third type of medication, alpha agonists, showed the inverse: a decrease in heart rate and blood pressure.

The authors concluded that while ADHD medications tend to raise heart health indicators like blood pressure and pulse, the current best practice of patient monitoring can lead to successful health outcomes.

Cheng-Han Chen, MD, an interventional cardiologist and the medical director of the Structural Heart Program at MemorialCare Saddleback Medical Center in California, said the research reaffirms that those taking ADHD-related medications should be screened for cardiovascular risk factors, such as a family history of heart disease.

Chen wasn’t involved in the study but told Healthline that given the age range for many of the studies focused on youth, it’s important to help young people understand what a heart-healthy lifestyle looks like.

“As of now, this research says there is not a dramatic change in cardiovascular risks, but it’s something that probably should be tracked over the long term to look at long-term outcomes,” Chen said.

Anoop Singh, MD, a general psychiatrist and regional medical director for Mindpath Health in California, agreed that the findings are reassuring for patients and clinicians. Singh wasn’t involved in the study.

“If anything, it reinforces… that mental health practitioners or psychiatrists should continue to closely follow the current clinical guidelines, which include monitoring of the blood pressure and the pulse before and during the treatment with ADHD medications,” Singh told Healthline.

“So, no surprises. The study did, in fact, basically extend the findings of previous similar studies.”

Maintaining a heart-healthy lifestyle with ADHD

There has been a significant increase in the number of people diagnosed with ADHD in the last decade, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

While research shows this increase is likely a combination of public and medical awareness, some medications used to treat ADHD, like Ritalin, have also been stigmatized.

When used appropriately, ADHD medications lead to better mental health outcomes and improved quality of life. A 2019 analysis found that ADHD medication led to lowered instances of injuries and substance use disorder, although there were some limitations to these findings.

Still, as with any medication, prescription or over-the-counter, there are risks.

“Even an over-the-counter Sudafed carries the risk of causing some increase in blood pressure and heart rate,” Singh noted.

“However, when you are contemplating [the] use of these medications in a medical setting, we have to at least allow some level of confidence to be placed in the fact that, given that a treatment intervention is being suggested as a medical treatment, there would be an appropriate process of evaluating and monitoring for side effects,” he said.

When cardiologists screen people diagnosed with ADHD, Chen said they look for several factors before a patient is prescribed medication.

“Just like any other person, we would screen for cardiovascular risk factors such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, [and] diabetes,” Chen said.

“We would counsel the patients the same way about maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including a heart-healthy diet, exercise, avoiding smoking, avoiding drinking, getting good quality sleep.”

Long-term data on ADHD drugs and heart health needed

One challenge for researchers is that none of the studies analyzed included follow up after 26 weeks with most looking at patients over 12 weeks.

Singh noted this was a common issue, not just in psychiatry but across medicine.

“There is always going to be some want of more, better, longer term, studies to give us more data,” he said.

“And because medicine, or at least Western medicine these days, is so evidence-informed, we are always hungry for more evidence.”

In a Lancet Psychiatry commentary piece that accompanied the study, Steven R. Pliszka, a researcher unaffiliated with the project, suggested a double-blind study as the next possible step for the research.

Pliszka noted this could include hourly checks of cardiovascular indicators for one day every six months. Another path forward, he wrote, could be using machine learning to help comb through broader databases for relevant information.

The study authors pointed out that long term data was lacking and that their findings could not account for possible individualized cardiac health risk factors, such as a family history of heart disease.

They cautioned that just because increases in measures like blood pressure and pulse were small on average, it didn’t mean that for some people, they could be higher and require medical intervention.

• The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) has gutted key programs linked to successful smoking cessation.
• The CDC’s Office on Smoking and Health was eliminated by the HHS, which could limit access to valuable resources on smoking cessation and prevention.
• Experts say the federal cuts could increase smoking rates in the U.S. and raise smoking-related disease burden and treatment costs.

Smoking and tobacco use in the United States has declined overall, but health disparities persist, making low cost resources like quitlines crucial to help people quit smoking.

The federal government has invested millions of dollars in anti-smoking campaigns and cessation efforts. However, the new administration’s latest round of budget cuts to federal agencies could hinder decades of progress.

Earlier this month, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), led by Health Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr., gutted health groups that had been pivotal to the nation’s steady decline in smoking and vaping rates.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) continues to bear the brunt of budgeting cuts. The Office on Smoking and Health (OSH), which linked contaminated vaping devices to fatal lung damage in 2019, was eliminated by the HHS.

The OSH also funds the National and State Tobacco Control Program, which provides millions in funding to support tobacco control efforts in 50 states, the District of Colombia, 8 U.S. territories, and 28 tribes and tribal organizations.

Gutting the OSH could limit vital resources to help people quit smoking, which experts say could lead to higher rates of tobacco use and higher costs of treatment for tobacco-related chronic disease. 

HHS also recently placed dozens of staffers at the Food and Drug Administration’s Center for Tobacco Products (CTP) on leave, including the group’s top official. CTP is responsible for overseeing warning labels on tobacco and nicotine products and marketing restrictions.

An HHS official told Healthline that Kennedy and HHS remain committed to investigating potential root causes of chronic diseases. The official said that critical programs within the CDC will continue to streamline operations and create a more efficient HHS.

The official added the CDC will continue to provide resources for those who want to quit smoking and conduct ongoing surveillance on smoking habits.

Still, federal cuts to smoking resources could impact access to free or low cost quitline programs.

According to a news release from the North American Quitline Consortium (NAQC), quitlines helped more than 175,000 people quit smoking in the past two years.

The 2024 NAQC Annual Survey of Quitlines shows that quitlines across the U.S. received more than 1.2 million calls and provided tobacco cessation resources to more than 500,000 tobacco users. Tens of thousands more relied on text messaging services accessed through their state quitlines.

Federal funding for quitlines varies by state. NAQC’s survey data show that five state and two territorial quitlines are more than 75% funded by the CDC. Another 18 states are 25% funded by the CDC. 

“Every state quitline receives at least some funds from the CDC for their program,” Thomas Ylioja, PhD, MSW, president and CEO of the North American Quitline Consortium, told Healthline. 

“Without continued funding, these quitlines will need to significantly cut counseling and medication services or potentially stop answering calls.”

Healthline spoke with Ylioja to learn more about how cuts to federally-funded cessation programs like quitlines could impact public health. Ylioja highlighted new, compelling statistics on smoking cessation from a forthcoming NAQC survey. Those results have not yet been published.

What is the success rate of quitlines?

Ylioja: Quitlines are the backbone of smoking cessation in the country. 

They are the most accessible treatments proven to help people stop smoking with free counseling and quit medications like the nicotine patch, gum or lozenge. 

And they work: NAQC survey data show about 35% of people who enroll in their quitline program quit smoking for good, compared to about 7% who try to quit without help.

What role does CDC OHS play in smoking cessation?

Ylioja: Over the past two years, NAQC’s survey data found more than 500,000 people received support with quitting from their quitline.

Quitlines are deeply embedded within the healthcare system. Many doctors refer people who smoke to the quitline for treatment because they don’t have the time or staff to deliver counseling in the clinic.

CDC OSH also runs the national Tips From Former Smokers media campaign. Tips do two things: they educate people about the harms of smoking and encourage them to quit, and they direct people to call or text their state quitline for help. 

Tips has been massively successful, helping millions of people quit since it started in 2012.

Editor’s Note: An HHS official told Healthline that current Tips campaigns are expected to continue through the end of September.

How will cuts to quitlines impact the health of Americans? 

Ylioja: Without having a single recognizable program like 800-QUIT-NOW available and promoted, fewer people will be encouraged to quit, fewer people will know where to get help, and fewer people will quit. 

Quitlines have been enormously successful over the past 20 years [in] helping people quit. Smoking is the leading cause of chronic diseases, including cancers, heart disease, stroke, and COPD.

In the past 10 years, an estimated 2.9 million people received counseling or medications from their state quitline. 

Hundreds of thousands used state quitline web and text messaging programs. Quitlines have helped more [than] 1 million smokers quit.

Who will be most impacted by cuts to smoking cessation programs? 

Ylioja: New NAQC survey data shows 74% of quitlines offer specialized services for youth, including helping them to quit vaping or using e-cigarettes. 

These programs are now at risk, which means more youth will use nicotine for longer periods.

One-third of quitline participants across the country are on Medicaid. The burden on public health insurance will go up due to the well-established higher costs of medical care for people who smoke.

What is your biggest concern about the long-term impacts of these cuts?

Ylioja: In the past 25 years, we have made enormous progress in reducing smoking, from 23.5% or 46.5 million adults, down to 11.6%. 

Youth cigarette smoking is at its lowest point in decades; even vaping is lower than in the past 10 years. [The] use of other tobacco and nicotine products is increasing as the tobacco industry looks to recover [its] market.

The cuts to CDC OSH threaten to reverse the tremendous progress we have made, setting us back 10 or even 15 years. 

Ultimately, these cuts will worsen and extend the epidemic of tobacco-caused chronic diseases, which continue to be [the] leading cause of disability and premature death.

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• Three people in a rural town in California have died this year from hantavirus, public health officials reported.
• The rare virus had killed actor Gene Hackman’s wife, Betsy Arakawa, in February. Hackman died a week later of heart disease with complications due to Alzheimer’s disease.
• Hantavirus is spread to people through droppings, urine, and saliva of infected rodents, mainly mice. It does not spread from person to person.

A rare virus that killed the wife of late actor Gene Hackman is linked to three deaths in the rural town of Mammoth Lakes, CA, state public health officials confirmed on April 3.

Hackman, 95, died of heart disease with complications due to Alzheimer’s disease about a week after his wife, Betsy Arakawa, 65, died of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, the Associated Press reported. The partially mummified remains of the couple were found in their Santa Fe, NM, home on February 26.

Tom Boo, MD, a Mono County public health officer, called the situation in the rural town in the Eastern Sierra region “tragic and alarming” in a statement.

Hantavirus is a relatively rare virus that affects the lungs. People can become infected through the droppings, urine, or saliva of rodents, usually mice such as the deer mouse. The virus does not spread from person to person.

Michelle Harkins, MD, a pulmonologist with the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center in Albuquerque, said it most commonly, but not always, occurs in rural areas.

“Exposure usually happens when people are cleaning out old sheds or going into mouse-infested areas around their property,” she told Healthline. 

Sweeping up mouse droppings can cause the virus to become airborne, which people can then inhale, said Harkins. She has also seen patients who were exposed to the virus while working in the forest or on a construction site.

Deer mice are common in California’s Eastern Sierra region, but Boo said in the statement that their numbers are thought to be higher than typical this year. This could increase the risk of people being exposed to hantavirus.

While hantavirus can be potentially deadly, David Cutler, MD, a family medicine physician at Providence Saint John’s Health Center in Santa Monica, Calif., said it’s important to keep the risk of this virus in perspective.

“In the United States, where there’s generally good hygiene, and you don’t have a lot of people living in rural areas where rodent droppings are common, hantavirus is going to be very rare, but not impossible to contract,” he told Healthline.

Also, “there have been fewer than 1,000 cases of Hantavirus reported in the United States over the last 30 years,” he said. “In contrast, over 100,000 people die each year of viral infections that we can prevent, like COVID, flu and RSV.”

Cutler said it is just as important for healthcare workers, especially those who work in rural areas where hantavirus occurs, to be aware of this virus and its symptoms.

Symptoms of hantavirus

Cases of hantavirus are relatively rare, but they can be fatal. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports that around one-third of people who develop lung-related symptoms die from the disease.

When the virus affects both the lungs and the cardiovascular system, about half of patients will die, said Harkins. In this phase, people can develop low blood pressure and fluid buildup in the lungs.

“Not everybody enters this cardiopulmonary phase, but a fair number do,” she said. “It can have a very rapid onset, and people can die within hours to a day or so without supportive care and monitoring.”

Early symptoms of hantavirus infection start to show one to eight weeks after exposure, said the CDC, and include:

• fatigue
• fever
• muscle aches

About half of people infected will also experience:

• headaches
• dizziness
• chills
• abdominal problems such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain

People may go on to develop respiratory symptoms such as:

• coughing
• shortness of breath
• tightness in the chest

Hantavirus cases appearing earlier than usual

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that most cases of hantavirus occur west of the Mississippi River. The highest number is in New Mexico, followed by Colorado, Arizona, and California.

In the Eastern High Sierras, hantavirus cases typically occur later in the spring and in the summer, said Boo. So “the occurrence of three cases in a short period has me worried, especially this early in the year,” he added.

The early appearance of cases this year may be, in part, due to climate change.

“We know that there’s a cycle,” said Harkins. “Mild winters and summer rainfalls can increase the vegetation and the mouse population. When there are more mice around, they are more likely to become infected and spread the virus among themselves.”

None of the people who died in Mammoth Lakes had appeared to have engaged in high-exposure activities such as cleaning poorly ventilated indoor areas or other buildings with a lot of mouse waste, Boo said. 

“Instead, these folks may have been exposed during normal daily activities, either in the home or the workplace,” he added.

Harkins said there are several things you can do to reduce your risk of exposure to hantavirus, such as:

• Rodent-proof your home by keeping doors and windows shut, sealing gaps in walls, and keeping outside wood piles away from the house.
• Air out enclosed areas for at least 30 minutes before entering if you see rodent droppings.
• Avoid vacuuming or sweeping rodent droppings, urine or nests, because this can cause the virus to become airborne.
• Spray droppings and contaminated areas with a disinfectant or 10% bleach solution and let it sit for five minutes before wiping the area.
• Wear gloves and an N-95 (or higher) mask while cleaning contaminated areas.

“If you do happen to go into a shed and clean it out, or you’re getting out Christmas decorations and there’s a mouse nest in the box, watch your symptoms afterward and seek medical care if you start to have symptoms,” said Harkin. “But keep in mind that this can be delayed by one to eight weeks after the initial exposure.”

• The FDA has approved a new at-home test for two common sexually transmitted infections and a sexually transmitted disease.
• The test for chlamydia, gonorrhea, and trichomoniasis produces results in 30 minutes.
• Experts say the kit allows people to test themselves for STDs in the privacy of their home.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently approved the first at-home test for three common sexually transmitted infections and diseases that can be purchased without a prescription.

The FDA marketing authorization has been granted to the Visby Medical Women’s Sexual Health Test for chlamydia, gonorrhea, and trichomoniasis.

The test is designed for females with or without symptoms of these three infections. Results are delivered within 30 minutes.

Visby officials told Healthline they expect the new test to be available in a few months and will announce pricing then.

The Visby product is a single-use test that includes a collection kit (vaginal swab) and a powered testing device that communicates with the Visby Medical App. The app displays results when the test is complete.

FDA officials reported that in recent clinical studies the Visby at-home test correctly identified more than 98% of negative samples for the three STDs and more than 97% of positive samples.

The FDA reviewed the product under the agency’s De Novo premarket review pathway, which allows low-risk to moderate-risk devices to be approved quickly. This authorization also allows other devices to go through the FDA’s 510 (k) premarket notification process for quick approval by proving their similarity to the Visby product.

“This approval is not just a milestone for Visby Medical but marks a transformative moment in medical diagnostics,” said Adam de la Zerda, PhD, founder and chief executive officer of Visby Medical, in a press statement.

There are currently several at-home test kits available for use by men and women for syphilis, chlamydia, gonorrhea, and trichomoniasis.

These tests are specific to these individual infections and involve collecting blood and/or urine samples. The products include the Visby Medical Sexual Health Test, which lacks the app that the new product contains.

At-home testing for STIs can improve treatment

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that there were 2.2 million cases of chlamydia and gonorrhea diagnosed in the United States in 2023.

The agency also noted that there were 2.6 million confirmed U.S. cases of trichomoniasis that year.

In its annual surveillance report released last year, the CDC also reported there were more than 200,000 cases of syphilis diagnosed in the U.S. in 2022, the highest number since 1950.

Experts say at-home tests are important because people with STIs need to seek medical treatment quickly. Antibiotics are effective in treating these infections, but untreated STIs may lead to serious health issues, including infertility.

They add that test accuracy is also important because a false negative result can delay treatment. A false positive result can lead to unnecessary treatments and a potential delay in correctly diagnosing another infection or disease.

“Home tests can give people information about their health from the privacy of their home. This can be particularly important for sexual health tests for which patients may experience fear or anxiety, possibly resulting in delayed diagnosis or treatment,” said Courtney Lias, PhD, the director of the Office of In Vitro Diagnostic Devices in the FDA’s Center for Devices and Radiological Health, in an FDA press release.

“Expanding access to tests for sexually transmitted infections is an important step toward earlier and increased diagnosis, which can result in increased treatment and reduced spread of infection.”

Lisa Valle, DO, OB-GYN and medical director of Oasis Women’s Sexual Function Center in Santa Monica, CA, said at-home kits have the ability to increase the number of people who test for STDs.

“More people are apt to test in the privacy of their homes,” Valle told Healthline.

She noted that increased testing can help reduce the spread of STDs and lead to earlier treatments.

She does caution, however, that a person can receive a positive result while alone in their home without anybody to talk to or counsel them.

“There are medical and emotional issues they could be dealing with without the help of a healthcare professional,” she said.

Valle added that there are potential issues for someone who receives a negative test result at home. They can be satisfied there isn’t anything wrong with them despite having symptoms and not getting tested for other illnesses or conditions.

What to know about chlamydia, gonorrhea, and trichomoniasis

A sexually transmitted infection (STI) is when a bacteria, virus, or parasite attacks the body. These infections, many times, don’t have symptoms.

Some — but not all — STIs can develop into a sexually transmitted disease (STD). These diseases do produce symptoms in many people.

All can be diagnosed with basic tests and treated with antibiotics.

Chlamydia is usually transmitted through oral, vaginal, or anal sex without a condom or other barrier protection.

Some people who have chlamydia don’t have symptoms. When symptoms do appear, they can include:

• burning sensation during urination
• foul-smelling abnormal discharge from the vagina or penis
• unusual sores on or around the genitals
• rectal pain

Gonorrhea can affect anybody, but it is most common among teens and young adults between the ages of 15 and 24.

It is also transmitted through oral, vaginal, and anal unprotected sex.

Symptoms usually appear 2 to 30 days after exposure. They include:

• discoloration and swelling at the penis opening
• testicular swelling and pain
• watery, creamy, or green discharge from the vagina
• pain or burning while urinating

Trichomoniasis causes symptoms in only about 30% of people with the disease.

When symptoms do appear, they include:

• vaginal discharge that is watery, creamy, or green
• vaginal spotting or bleeding
• frequent urination

Valle said it is that important people get tested either at home or in a medical facility if they develop these symptoms.

She recommends that people get tested before and after they get involved with a new romantic partner.

“Overall, testing does help decrease the spread of these diseases,” she said.